How can we teach students if we do not know how they learn?

What Do We Know, How Do We Know It, and How Can We Best Apply It?

Adequate Nutrition May get You Home: Effect of Caloric/Protein Deficits on the Discharge Destination of Critically Ill Surgical Patients 37 D. Dante Yeh, MD; Eva Fuentes, MD; Sadeq A. Quraishi, MD, MHA, MMScH; Catrina Cropano, MSc; Haytham Kaafarani, MD, MPH; Jarone Lee, MD, MPH; David R. King, MD; Marc DeMoya, MD; Peter Fagenholz, MD; Kathryn Butler, MD; Yuchiao Chang, PhD; and George Velmahos...

Glucocorticoids: do we know how they work?

It is not known to what extent glucocorticoid hormones cause their anti-inflammatory actions and their undesirable side effects by the same or different molecular mechanisms. Glucocorticoids combine with a cytoplasmic receptor that alters gene expression in two ways. One way is dependent on the receptor's binding directly to DNA and acting (positively or negatively) as a transcription factor. T...

Do We Know What We Do not Know? A Response to Celine Bonnet

How do we know?

We know that every improvement is a change—but how do we know that a change is an improvement? Improvement experts and patients, each in their own terms, ask this question with appropriate impatience. 3 For example, how can valid conclusions be drawn when an improvement initiative employs no control population, or if the study employs predominantly qualitative measures? Indeed, some argue that ...

How do we know that we know what we know?

How Science Works’ is now the focus of the national science specifications in English schools. This article is a brief introduction to the philosophy of science from the Greeks to the present day that underpins this notion. From September 2006, the emphasis for teaching science at GCSE is on ‘How Science Works’. This focus will also shape the revisions of the AS and A2 specifications from Septe...